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Section 45 Reference Rates
Year | Source | Reference Rate | Credit | Adj. Factor |
| 2021 | Wind | 3.59 cents/kWh | 2.5 cents/kWh | 1.6878 |
| Refined Coal | $45.64/ton | $7.384/ton | 1.6878 | |
| Closed-Loop Biomass | N/A | 2.5 cents/kWh | 1.6878 | |
| Open-Looped Biomass | N/A | 1.3 cents/kWh | 1.6878 | |
| Geothermal | N/A | 2.5 cents/kWh | 1.6878 | |
| Solar | N/A | N/A | 1.6878 | |
| Small Irrigation | N/A | 1.3 cents/kWh | 1.6878 | |
| Municipal Solid Waste | N/A | 1.3 cents/kWh | 1.6878 | |
| Qualified Hydropower | N/A | 1.3 cents/kWh | 1.6878 | |
| Indian Coal | N/A | $2.600/ton | 1.2998 | |
| Steel Industry Fuel | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
Year | Source | Reference Rate | Credit | Adj. Factor |
| 2020 | Wind | 4.16 cents/kWh | 2.5/kWh | 1.6687 |
| Refined Coal | $48.58/ton | $7.301/ton | 1.6687 | |
| Closed-Loop Biomass | N/A | 2.5/kWh | 1.6687 | |
| Open-Looped Biomass | N/A | 1.3/kWh | 1.6687 | |
| Geothermal | N/A | 2.5/kWh | 1.6687 | |
| Solar | N/A | N/A | 1.6687 | |
| Small Irrigation | N/A | 1.3/kWh | 1.6687 | |
| Municipal Solid Waste | N/A | 1.3/kWh | 1.6687 | |
| Qualified Hydropower | N/A | 1.3/kWh | 1.6687 | |
| Indian Coal | N/A | $2.570/ton | 1.2851 | |
| Steel Industry Fuel | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
Year | Source | Reference Rate | Credit | Adj. Factor |
| 2019 | Wind | 5.18 cents/kWh | 2.5/kWh | 1.6396 |
| Refined Coal | $7.173/ton | $7.03/ton | 1.6396 | |
| Closed-Loop Biomass | N/A | 2.5/kWh | 1.6396 | |
| Open-Looped Biomass | N/A | 1.2/kWh | 1.6396 | |
| Geothermal | N/A | 2.5/kWh | 1.6396 | |
| Solar | N/A | N/A | 1.6396 | |
| Small Irrigation | N/A | 1.2/kWh | 1.6396 | |
| Municipal Solid Waste | N/A | 1.2/kWh | 1.6396 | |
| Qualified Hydropower | N/A | 1.2/kWh | 1.6396 | |
| Indian Coal | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Steel Industry Fuel | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
Year | Source | Reference Rate | Credit | Adj. Factor |
| 2018 | Wind | 4.85 cents/kWh | 2.4/kWh | 1.6072 |
| Refined Coal | $7.03/ton | $7.03/ton | 1.6072 | |
| Closed-Loop Biomass | N/A | 2.4/kWh | 1.6072 | |
| Open-Looped Biomass | N/A | 1.2/kWh | 1.6072 | |
| Geothermal | N/A | 2.4/kWh | 1.6072 | |
| Solar | N/A | N/A | 1.6072 | |
| Small Irrigation | N/A | 1.2/kWh | 1.6072 | |
| Municipal Solid Waste | N/A | 1.2/kWh | 1.6072 | |
| Qualified Hydropower | N/A | 1.2/kWh | 1.6072 | |
| Indian Coal | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Steel Industry Fuel | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
Year | Source | Reference Rate | Credit | Adj. Factor |
| 2017 | Wind | 4.55 cents/kWh | 2.4/kWh | 1.5792 |
| Refined Coal | $51.09/ton | $6.909/ton | 1.5792 | |
| Closed-Loop Biomass | N/A | 2.4/kWh | 1.5792 | |
| Open-Looped Biomass | N/A | 1.2/kWh | 1.5792 | |
| Geothermal | N/A | 2.4/kWh | 1.5792 | |
| Solar | N/A | N/A | 1.5792 | |
| Small Irrigation | N/A | 1.2/kWh | 1.5792 | |
| Municipal Solid Waste | N/A | 1.2/kWh | 1.5792 | |
| Qualified Hydropower | N/A | 1.2/kWh | 1.5792 | |
| Indian Coal | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Steel Industry Fuel | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
Year | Source | Reference Rate | Credit | Adj. Factor |
| 2016 | Wind | 4.50 cents/kWh | 2.3 cents/kWh | 1.5556 |
| Refined Coal | $53.74/ton | $6.810/ton | 1.5556 | |
| Closed-Loop Biomass | N/A | 2.3 cents/kWh | 1.5556 | |
| Open-Looped Biomass | N/A | 1.2 cents/kWh | 1.5556 | |
| Geothermal | N/A | 2.3 cents/kWh | 1.5556 | |
| Solar | N/A | 2.3 cents/kWh | 1.5556 | |
| Small Irrigation | N/A | 1.2 cents/kWh | 1.5556 | |
| Municipal Solid Waste | N/A | 1.2 cents/kWh | 1.5556 | |
| Qualified Hydropower | N/A | 1.2 cents/kWh | 1.5556 | |
| Indian Coal | N/A | 2.387/ton | N/A | |
| Steel Industry Fuel | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
Year | Source | Reference Rate | Credit | Adj. Factor |
| 2015 | Wind | 4.50 cents/kWh | 2.3 cents/kWh | 1.5336 |
| Refined Coal | $57.64/ton | $6.710/ton | 1.5336 | |
| Closed-Loop Biomass | N/A | 2.3 cents/kWh | 1.5336 | |
| Open-Loop Biomass | N/A | 1.2 cents/kWh | 1.5336 | |
| Geothermal | N/A | 2.3 cents/kWh | 1.5336 | |
| Solar | N/A | 2.3 cents/kWh | 1.5336 | |
| Small Irrigation | N/A | 1.2 cents/kWh | 1.5336 | |
| Municipal Solid Waste | N/A | 1.2 cents/kWh | 1.5336 | |
| Qualified Hydropower | N/A | 1.2 cents/kWh | 1.5336 | |
| Indian Coal | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Steel Industry Fuel | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
Year | Source | Reference Rate | Credit | Adj. Factor |
| 2014 | Wind | 4.85 cents/kWh | 2.3 cents/kWh | 1.5063 |
| Refined Coal | $56.88/ton | $6.601/ton | 1.5063 | |
| Closed-Loop Biomass | N/A | 2.3 cents/kWh | 1.5063 | |
| Open-Loop Biomass | N/A | 1.1 cents/kWh | 1.5063 | |
| Geothermal | N/A | 2.3 cents/kWh | 1.5063 | |
| Solar | N/A | 2.3 cents/kWh | 1.5063 | |
| Small Irrigation | N/A | 1.1 cents/kWh | 1.5063 | |
| Municipal Solid Waste | N/A | 1.1 cents/kWh | 1.5063 | |
| Qualified Hydropower | N/A | 1.1 cents/kWh | 1.5063 | |
| Indian Coal | N/A | 2.317/ton | 1.1587 | |
| Steel Industry Fuel | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
Year | Source | Reference Rate | Credit | Adj. Factor |
| 2013 | Wind | 4.53 cents/kWh | 2.3 cents/kWh | 1.5063 |
| Refined Coal | $58.23/ton | $6.590/ton | 1.5063 | |
| Closed-Loop Biomass | N/A | 2.3 cents/kWh | 1.5063 | |
| Open-Loop Biomass | N/A | 1.1 cents/kWh | 1.5063 | |
| Geothermal | N/A | 2.3 cents/kWh | 1.5063 | |
| Solar | N/A | 2.3 cents/kWh | 1.5063 | |
| Small Irrigation | N/A | 1.1 cents/kWh | 1.5063 | |
| Municipal Solid Waste | N/A | 1.1 cents/kWh | 1.5063 | |
| Qualified Hydropower | N/A | 1.1 cents/kWh | 1.5063 | |
| Indian Coal | N/A | 2.308/ton | 1.1538 | |
| Steel Industry Fuel | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
Year | Source | Reference Rate | Credit | Adj. Factor |
| Wind | 5.31 cents/kWh | 2.2 cents/kWh | 1.4799 | |
| Refined Coal | $55.80/ton | $6.475/ton | 1.4799 | |
| Closed-Loop Biomass | N/A | 2.2 cents/kWh | 1.4799 | |
| Open-Loop Biomass | N/A | 1.1 cent/kWh | 1.4799 | |
| Geothermal | N/A | 2.2 cents/kWh | 1.4799 | |
| Solar | N/A | 2.2 cents/kWh | 1.4799 | |
| Small Irrigation | N/A | 1.1 cent/kWh | 1.4799 | |
| Municipal Solid Waste | N/A | 1.1 cent/kWh | 1.4799 | |
| Qualified Hydropower | N/A | 1.1 cent/kWh | 1.4799 | |
| Indian Coal | N/A | $2.267/ton | 1.1336 | |
| Steel Industry Fuel | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
Year | Source | Reference Rate | Credit | Adj. Factor |
| Wind | 4.68 cents/kWh | 2.2 cents/kWh | 1.4459 | |
| Refined Coal | $55.66/ton | $6.33/ton | 1.4459 | |
| Closed-Loop Biomass | N/A | 2.2 cents/kWh | 1.4459 | |
| Open-Loop Biomass | N/A | 1.1 cent/kWh | 1.4459 | |
| Geothermal | N/A | 2.2 cents/kWh | 1.4459 | |
| Solar | N/A | 2.2 cents/kWh | 1.4459 | |
| Small Irrigation | N/A | 1.1 cent/kWh | 1.4459 | |
| Municipal Solid Waste | N/A | 1.1 cent/kWh | 1.4459 | |
| Qualified Hydropower | N/A | 1.1 cent/kWh | 1.4459 | |
| Indian Coal | N/A | $2.2/ton | 1.1066 | |
| Steel Industry Fuel | N/A | $2.89/barrel | N/A | |
Year | Source | Reference Rate | Credit | Adj. Factor |
| Wind | 4.22 cents/kWh | 2.2 cents/kWh | 1.4342 | |
| Refined Coal | $54.74/ton | $6.27/ton | 1.4342 | |
| Closed-Loop Biomass | N/A | 2.2 cents/kWh | 1.4342 | |
| Open-Loop Biomass | N/A | 1.1 cent/kWh | 1.4342 | |
| Geothermal | N/A | 2.2 cents/kWh | 1.4342 | |
| Solar | N/A | 2.2 cents/kWh | 1.4342 | |
| Small Irrigation | N/A | 1.1 cent/kWh | 1.4342 | |
| Municipal Solid Waste | N/A | 1.1 cent/kWh | 1.4342 | |
| Qualified Hydropower | N/A | 1.1 cent/kWh | 1.4342 | |
| Indian Coal | N/A | $2.2/ton | 1.0976 | |
| Steel Industry Fuel | N/A | $2.87/barrel | N/A | |
Year | Source | Reference Rate | Credit | Adj. Factor |
| 2009 | Wind | 4.32 cents/kWh | 2.1 cents/kWh | 1.4171 |
| Refined Coal | $39.72/ton | $6.20/ton | 1.4171 | |
| Closed-Loop Biomass | N/A | 2.1 cents/kWh | 1.4171 | |
| Open-Loop Biomass | N/A | 1.1 cent/kWh | 1.4171 | |
| Geothermal | N/A | 2.1 cents/kWh | 1.4171 | |
| Solar | N/A | 2.1 cents/kWh | 1.4171 | |
| Small Irrigation | N/A | 1 cent/kWh | 1.4171 | |
| Municipal Solid Waste | N/A | 1 cent/kWh | 1.4171 | |
| Qualified Hydropower | N/A | 1 cent/kWh | 1.4171 | |
| Indian Coal | N/A | $1.625/ton | 1.0830 | |
| Steel Industry Fuel | N/A | $2/barrel | N/A | |
Year | Source | Reference Rate | Credit | Adj. Factor |
| 2008 | Wind | 3.6 cents/kWh | 2.1 cents/kWh | 1.3854 |
| Refined Coal | $45.56/ton | $6.061/ton | 1.3854 | |
| Closed-Loop Biomass | N/A | 2.1 cents/kWh | 1.3854 | |
| Open-Loop Biomass | N/A | 1 cent/kWh | 1.3854 | |
| Geothermal | N/A | 2.1 cents/kWh | 1.3854 | |
| Solar | N/A | 2.1 cents/kWh | 1.3854 | |
| Small Irrigation | N/A | 1 cent/kWh | 1.3854 | |
| Municipal Solid Waste | N/A | 1 cent/kWh | 1.3854 | |
| Qualified Hydropower | N/A | 1 cent/kWh | 1.3854 | |
| Indian Coal | N/A | $1.589/ton | 1.0591 | |
Year | Source | Reference Rate | Credit | Adj. Factor |
| 2007 | Wind | 3.29 cents/kWh | 2 cents/kWh | 1.3433 |
| Refined Coal | $48.35/ton | $5.877/ton | 1.3433 | |
| Closed-Loop Biomass | N/A | 2 cents/kWh | 1.3433 | |
| Open-Loop Biomass | N/A | 1 cent/kWh | 1.3433 | |
| Geothermal | N/A | 2 cents/kWh | 1.3433 | |
| Solar | N/A | 2 cents/kWh | 1.3433 | |
| Small Irrigation | N/A | 1 cent/kWh | 1.3433 | |
| Municipal Solid Waste | N/A | 1 cent/kWh | 1.3433 | |
| Qualified Hydropower | N/A | 1 cent/kWh | 1.3433 | |
| Indian Coal | N/A | $1.544/ton | 1.0293 | |
Year | Source | Reference Rate | Credit | Adj. Factor |
| 2006 | Wind | 2.89 cents/kWh | 1.9 cents/kWh | 1.2981 |
| Refined Coal | $42.78/ton | $5.679/ton | 1.2981 | |
| Closed-Loop Biomass | N/A | 1.9 cents/kWh | 1.2981 | |
| Open-Loop Biomass | N/A | 1 cent/kWh | 1.2981 | |
| Geothermal | N/A | 1.9 cents/kWh | 1.2981 | |
| Solar | N/A | 1.9 cents/kWh | 1.2981 | |
| Small Irrigation | N/A | 1 cent/kWh | 1.2981 | |
| Municipal Solid Waste | N/A | 1 cent/kWh | 1.2981 | |
| Qualified Hydropower | N/A | 1 cent/kWh | 1.2981 | |
Year | Source | Reference Rate | Credit | Adj. Factor |
| 2005 | Wind | 4.85 cents/kWh | 1.9 cents/kWh | 1.2528 |
| Refined Coal | $36.36/ton | $5.481/ton | 1.2528 | |
| Closed-Loop Biomass | N/A | 1.9 cents/kWh | 1.2528 | |
| Open-Loop Biomass | N/A | 0.9 cents/kWh | 1.2528 | |
| Geothermal | N/A | 1.9 cents/kWh | 1.2528 | |
| Solar | N/A | 1.9 cents/kWh | 1.2528 | |
| Small Irrigation | N/A | 0.9 cents/kWh | 1.2528 | |
| Municipal Solid Waste | N/A | 0.9 cents/kWh | 1.2528 | |
| Qualified Hydropower | N/A | 0.9 cents/kWh | 1.2528 |
Notes from Novogradac
Wednesday, July 1, 2020
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